Nos derniers articles

This article argues that the United States experiences the highest per-capita flood losses among industrialized nations and attributes this to federal flood risk governance that has resisted adaptive reforms seen elsewhere. It presents a multi-criteria framework to assess governance quality and compares the National Flood Insurance Program with systems in other countries. Based on qualitative analysis of legal and policy documents, the study assigns a low adaptive governance score (1.9/5). It identifies key institutional barriers and highlights missing policy revision cycles and long-term planning. The paper proposes reform principles and situates findings within debates on climate resilience and governance.

This paper analyzes UK home insurance data (2009–2024) to examine how premiums and coverage adjust to flood risk. It reports that properties experiencing a nearby flood are significantly more likely to have flood coverage excluded the following year. The study finds that, before a government–industry risk-sharing scheme, higher-risk properties faced higher premiums and substantially greater exclusion rates than lower-risk ones. After the scheme’s introduction, premium differences decreased, but higher-risk properties continued to experience notably higher rates of flood coverage exclusion.

Insurance Europe, representing the European (re)insurance sector, published a statement on 27 February 2026 calling for a "stop-the-clock" on the implementation of the Insurance Recovery and Resolution Directive (IRRD), scheduled to apply from 30 January 2027. The organization expresses concerns over remaining uncertainties in the proposal's scope, definition of critical functions, and funding responsibilities, with only about one year left for preparation. It argues that the current framework risks being overly detailed and burdensome, exceeding international standards and potentially harming EU insurers' global competitiveness. Insurance Europe proposes ten measures to make the IRRD proportionate, clear, and workable, including postponing the timeline, phasing in requirements, scaling back reporting templates, adopting a risk-based approach, and conducting a full impact assessment.

This position paper emphasizes that climate resilience is a shared responsibility requiring cooperation between the insurance industry, public officials, and private citizens. While insurers offer financial protection and risk expertise, the document argues that governments must lead on preventative measures like updated building codes and improved land-use planning to keep risks manageable. To address the rising costs of natural disasters, the sources advocate for a transition from reactive relief to proactive investment in long-term adaptation and nature-based solutions. Furthermore, the text highlights the importance of transparent data and sector-specific roadmaps to guide societies toward a more stable, net-zero future. Ultimately, the goal is to maintain insurance affordability through unified European support and robust national partnerships.

The chain-ladder (CL) method is the most widely used claims reserving technique in non-life insurance. This manuscript introduces a novel approach to computing the CL reserves based on a fundamental restructuring of the data utilization for the CL prediction procedure. Instead of rolling forward the cumulative claims with estimated CL factors, we estimate multi-period factors that project the latest observations directly to the ultimate claims. This alternative perspective on CL reserving creates a natural pathway for the application of machine learning techniques to individual claims reserving. As a proof of concept, we present a small-scale real data application employing neural networks for individual claims reserving.

This consultation paper investigates how natural catastrophe insurance within the Solvency II framework can better account for climate change adaptation measures. The document distinguishes between macro-level protections, such as public flood defenses, and micro-level interventions implemented by individual property owners to reduce vulnerability. By analyzing perils like floods, earthquakes, and windstorms, the report evaluates whether the standard formula for capital requirements should be adjusted to reward these risk-reduction efforts. The text explores several regulatory options, including the use of undertaking-specific parameters and internal models, to ensure that insurers have the financial incentive to promote resilience. Ultimately, the paper seeks to bridge the protection gap by aligning prudential capital charges with the actual physical improvements made to insured assets.

EIOPA’s December 2025 Financial Stability Report outlines several risks facing European insurers and pension funds, including growing exposures to private credit, vulnerabilities from a weakening U.S. dollar, and the impact of global market interconnectedness. It describes private credit’s expansion, associated liquidity, valuation and concentration risks, and insurers’ sizable U.S. dollar-denominated holdings with complex hedging needs. The report also notes interconnected international exposures that could elevate market and currency risks, alongside other topics like cyber threats and AI-related systemic vulnerabilities, while acknowledging resilient capital and funding ratios amid economic uncertainty.

The paper applies an extended mean-field game framework to model policyholder behavior in a large mutual insurance company, where surplus/deficit is shared among members. It proves global existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium, characterized by constrained MF-FBSDEs, and solves these numerically using a modified deep BSDE algorithm. Key findings include: insurance demand rises with risk aversion, loss volatility, and surplus-sharing ratio; optimal coverage decreases toward the horizon; practical no-short-selling constraints reduce wealth disparities; and pool composition affects all members’ strategies through interdependence. Extensions to survival models and decentralized insurance are proposed.

European insurers continue to advance digitalization, but cyber risk remains a material strategic threat. According to EIOPA Q3 2025 and National Competent Authorities:
Overall risk: Medium
Outlook: Increasing
Supervisory concern: Elevated

This document analyzes the impact of model uncertainty (ambiguity) on the insurance industry.
The study employed a 𝗿𝗼𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹 𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 that assumes insurers adopt strategies to maximize value against a "worst-case" scenario. The views expressed are that this leads to a new competitive market equilibrium characterized by:
• 𝗦𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗹𝘆 𝗵𝗶𝗴𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗶𝘂𝗺𝘀 and 𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘂𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀.
• 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗱𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁, evidenced by higher precautionary reserves and delayed dividend payouts.
• 𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘄𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗰𝘆𝗰𝗹𝗲, increasing in numerical simulations from 9.6 to 26 years.
• A long-run capacity distribution that is 𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗹𝗼𝘄-𝗰𝗮𝗽𝗮𝗰𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲, implying slower recovery from adverse shocks.
The paper suggests these findings offer a theoretical explanation for the difficulty of detecting underwriting cycles in empirical data.