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This report assesses how the Minimum Requirement for own funds and Eligible Liabilities (MREL) has influenced the EU banking sector between 2022 and 2024. The document examines the regulatory impact on financial markets, bank profitability, and the evolution of funding structures following the full implementation of BRRD II. It highlights that while most institutions met their final targets by the 2024 deadline, smaller banks still face structural hurdles in accessing wholesale funding markets. Data indicates a significant shift toward senior non-preferred (SNP) debt as a primary tool for meeting subordination requirements. Ultimately, the report concludes that while compliance costs are higher for retail-oriented firms, MREL has successfully strengthened loss-absorbing capacities without destabilizing bank business models.

The EBA's Q4 2024 Risk Dashboard shows EU/EEA banks maintaining strong performance. Return on equity rose to 10.5%, and return on assets reached 0.73%. Net interest margin declined slightly, but total income grew due to higher net fee and commission income. Loans to households and businesses increased, while cash balances fell. Non-performing loans decreased, except for commercial real estate. The CET1 ratio remained at 16.0%, reflecting strong capitalization. Liquidity and funding ratios stayed well above requirements. The loan-to-deposit ratio declined as deposits grew faster than loans. Overall, the banking sector remained stable and resilient.

“Introducing carbon taxes to reduce carbon emissions from fossil energy induces risk spillovers into the banking sector. Sectoral capital requirements can effectively address risks from energy-related exposures, benefiting household welfare and indirectly facilitating capital reallocation.”