"Insurers are faced with a lack of consumer trust in whether premiums are established in an objective and fair manner and that claims are adequately dealt with and paid without delay. In trying to balance between consumers interests and business interests there is a risk that insurers will go too far using personal data and increasingly automated decision-making crossing the line between what is still legal and ethical."
The theory of regulatory compliance has enabled the development of differential monitoring, emphasizing tailored, impactful regulations over uniform approaches, proving crucial in risk assessment and
This paper defines vector-valued risk measures using axioms and shows they ignore dependence structures of input random vectors, unlike set-valued risk measures. Convex vector-valued risk measures are
The paper empirically analyzes the ECB's climate-risk-related supervisory efforts' impact on banks' climate risk exposure, management, and green finance activities. Using a difference-in-difference se