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The paper summarizes a study of U.S. listed firms (2010‑2022) that examines how major cyber incidents—defined as events affecting ≥10,000 individuals or disclosed in an 8‑K—drive lasting upgrades in personnel, technology, and architecture. Findings indicate a 27% rise in cybersecurity hiring that persists for at least two years, alongside increased adoption of specialized software (+30%), cloud services (+11%), and memory‑safe languages (+50‑60%). Breached firms often surpass peers, and spillover effects occur through industry and IT‑system similarity networks, but not via geographic proximity. Cyber‑insurance coverage correlates with muted responses, suggesting potential moral hazard.
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This peer review assesses the Dutch authorities' frameworks for monitoring cyber risks, implementing supervisory practices, and coordinating incident response mechanisms. Key findings highlight the Netherlands' significant progress, including the development of the Threat Intelligence-Based Ethical Red-teaming (TIBER) and Advanced Red Teaming (ART) frameworks, while also identifying areas for improvement, such as streamlining information sharing mechanisms and analyzing third-party risks. Overall, the report underscores the persistent challenges posed by the evolving threat landscape and the strategic steps taken by the Netherlands to maintain financial stability against operational and cyber threats.
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The paper argues that Shapley allocation is the most suitable risk allocation method for financial institutions, balancing theoretical properties, accuracy, and practicality. It overcomes perceived computational intractability by replacing the exponential analytical approach with an efficient Monte Carlo algorithm that scales linearly and becomes preferable for ≥10-14 units. The study proposes solutions for negative allocations, a consistent multi-level hierarchical framework (PTD, CTD, BU approaches), and demonstrates applicability to large trading portfolios under Basel 2.5 and FRTB regimes, showing Shapley better captures diversification and hedging effects compared to simpler methods.