"... this book chapter evaluates how policymakers' approaches to systemic risk regulation in insurance have evolved since the crisis. It tracks how international standard-setting organizations and U.S. regulators initially relied on the entity-based approach, using discretionary methodologies for identifying specific nonbank firms, including insurers, that were systemically significant. It then shows how, in response to backlash, international and U.S. policymakers abruptly ceased entity-based designations and purported to shift their focus to an activities-based approach to nonbank systemic risk."